Did you know that sharks and rays have been around since before dinosaurs walked the Earth? Today, these ancient marine inhabitants face great threats, but they also show us their incredible resilience. Learn about their biology, the challenges they face and what we can do to protect them.

Sharks and rays are true champions of evolution. Their skeleton made of cartilage, lighter than bone, allows them to move nimbly in the ocean. In addition, their skin is covered with tiny dermal denticles that function as a hydrodynamic suit, reducing friction with the water.

Unlike most fish, sharks do not have a swim bladder to keep them afloat. Instead, they use a huge, oil-filled liver to provide buoyancy and energy reserve.

These predators also possess extraordinary senses: thanks to the ampullae of Lorenzini, they can detect the electric fields of other animals, even buried under the sand! Each species has developed surprising adaptations. For example, hammerhead sharks have T-shaped heads that enhance their vision and allow them to locate hidden prey.

Climate change: a changing ocean

Climate change is transforming the oceans at an accelerating rate, and sharks and rays are feeling the consequences.

Rising sea temperatures force many species to move to new areas in search of cooler conditions, altering their traditional routes and affecting the balance of ecosystems. In addition, hypoxic zones – areas with low oxygen levels – are expanding, reducing their available habitats.

In Panama, species such as hammerhead sharks and eagle rays are already changing their migratory routes. On the other hand, ocean acidification represents a growing threat to the development of embryos in oviparous species because it can interfere with their development, putting their future survival at risk.

Latin America is home to a rich diversity of sharks and rays. Panama, with its coastline on two oceans, is an essential refuge for many of these species. However, overfishing, bycatch and habitat destruction are causing an alarming decline in their populations.

Although Panama has protected areas such as Coiba National Park and participates in regional conservation initiatives, we still face great challenges. Coordinated efforts between governments, fishing communities, scientists and NGOs are needed to ensure the effective protection of these species.

Organizations such as MarAlliance are leading research, community education, and marine protected area management projects to save these marine megafauna species.

What can you do for sharks?

The conservation of sharks and rays also depends on our actions:

• Inform and educate others about the importance of these animals.
• Choose to consume responsibly sourced seafood.
• Inform yourself and share information about shark and ray species with your environment.
• Support campaigns on marine protected areas.
• Reduce the use of plastics that end up in the sea.

Every action matters. By protecting sharks and rays, we not only conserve keystone species but also safeguard the health of the oceans and the well-being of future generations.